Dilophosaurus

Dilophosaurus was one of the largest carnivorous dinosaurs of the Early Jurassic Period. Dilophosaurus gets its name from the two thin crests of bone on the top of it's head. These were probably used as a display for courtship purposes (it's unlikely that it had a frill like the movie suggests). Dilophosaurus has been found in both the U.S. and China, which, although part of the same huge landmass, were still quite a long distance from each other.

As a more primitive predatory dinosaur, Dilophosaurus did't have forward facing eyes to give it stereo vision. It may have used scent as an integral part of its hunting technique. It had long and slender, rear-curving teeth in long jaws and strong front arms which would have been effective in grabbing prey. It was fast - probably with a top speed of about 30-mph. It also had a long tail that could have been used as a whip in a fight. Footprints attributed to Dilophosaurus appear in groups, so it may have hunted in small packs. It shares the same overall body configuration as its ancestor Coelophysis.

More real-life information: Dilophosaurus at Wikipedia.

Dilophosaurus is one of the least understood dinosaurs. Michael Crichton, Steven Spielberg and Mark "Crash" McCreery filled this data vacuum with their own imagination. Therefore the creature that appears in the Jurassic Park series has some characteristics for which there is either no scientific evidence or contradicts existing data.

Sexual dimorphism
The pair of rounded crests on the skull of Dilophosaurus were possibly used for display. In the novel the crests have red and black stripes, one sex (maybe male) has darker crests than the other. One sex is also smaller than the other. Studies by Robert Gay show no indication that sexual dimorphism was present in the skeleton of Dilophosaurus, but says nothing about crest variation.

Venom
The connection between the ry and ry bones of the skull was very weak. This created a notch behind the first row of teeth. This conformation led to the early hypothesis that Dilophosaurus scavenged off dead carcasses, with the front teeth being too weak to bring down and hold large prey.

So the Dilophosaurus in the Jurassic Park Series deals with that issue by paralyzing its prey by spitting blinding venom in the eyes (like a ). It's said in the Jurassic Park novel that it's venom contains seven different enzymes, and that it is able to spit venom too, but the reach of the venom varies: in the Dinosaur Encyclopedia in the Jurassic Park DVD extras and in the Dilophosaurus Jurassic Park: The Game video it can spit distances of 20 feet, but in the novel it can spit up to 50 feet. In this way the creature is still a predator despite it's weak jaws and teeth. There is no evidence that Dilophosaurs had venom glands in reality, but glands don't have structures that are hard enough to fossilize. These venom glands don't contradict any existing data about Dilophosaurus fossil discoveries. This ability of venom spitting may have due to using DNA to fill in the gaps. It might also be that juvenile Dilophosaurus were too weak to properly catch food and needed venom to help it but the venom gland was lost as it reached adulthood, the only Dilophosaurus discovered to date are adult. This fits in with the fact that the Dilophosaurus in Jurassic Park were possibly juvenile (however in Jurassic Park: The Game, a juvenile-sized Dilophosaurus has laid a clutch of eggs, insisting that the size of the Dilophosaurs are due to Henry Wu's frog DNA,).

Neck frill
Steven Spielberg added another dubious feature to the Dilophosaurus: a retractable neck frill around its neck (much like the of Northern Australia). It is not considered accurate by paleontologists that Dilophosaurus had a frill. This could have been a result of gene-splicing with the. Bret Bennington wrote about the frill in the American Paleontologist: "If Dilophosaurus did have a frill, we would know about it. There would be fossil evidence of bones or some other rigid structure required to hold the frill up and there would be markings on the bones of the neck indicating where muscles could attach that would be required to move the frill up and down. We don't see either of these."

Jurassic Park Franchise
features a juvenile Dilophosaurus which made up for its small size with a waving frill, and a highly corrosive venom that temporarily blinded its prey, eventually causing paralysis. While it is only seen in, it has been used on many different items of merchandise for The Lost World and. Though living on Isla Sorna it was never seen in the movie.

Jurassic Park novel
The Dilophosaurus is first seen during the Park Drive near the river. They see one animal, drinking from the river. It is a 10 foot tall carnivore, with a heavy tail, strong hind limbs, and a long neck. Its crests make a V shape above the animal's head. The crests have red and black stripes, like a parrot or toucan. Its body is covered with yellow and black spots, like a leopard. Its roar sounds like an owl.

Nedry's death
In the chapter "Nedry", Dennis Nedry is on his way to smuggle Dinosaur embryos out of the Park. He has taken a wrong turn and instead of the sea he has reached the river (near the Dilophosaurus territory). When Nedry tries to get back to his car he hears a hooting noise. Then he is confronted by the large and dangerous Dilophosaurus. Dennis is first blinded, then his gut is ripped open, and finally the creature puts his jaws around his head.

Nedry's body is later found by Muldoon and Gennaro, with Muldoon remarking ''"They blinded him, then ripped him down the middle. Not a nice way to go. Maybe there's justice in this world after all." ''

River Adventure
Because no frog DNA was used to clone the Dilophosaurs they don't reproduce in the first novel. However, in the first novel Grant sees a couple of Dilophosaurus (both male and female) at the river, which were performing a mating ritual. This seeming contradiction is never explained.

End
In the chapter Under Control it is revealed that three Dilophosaurus have died during the park incident. They might have been hunted and killed by the raptors or the Tyrannosaurus after they escaped. All the Dilophosaurus are killed during the Costa Rica Napalm Bombing.

Jurassic Park film
thumb In the film, Dennis Nedry was maimed and killed by a possible juvenile Dilophosaurus as he attempted to deliver stolen embryos to Dodgson's man on the boat at the East Dock. In the less gruesome of the two versions, in the film Nedry's death is shown as him being blinded by the Dilophosaur venom, and then stumbling into his Jeep where he is met by the Dilophosaur, which pounced on him from the passenger seat. The camera then cuts to the outside of the Jeep as it rocks back and forth as Nedry yells and screams. In the novel, he suffered a much more gruesome death, as he actually held his intestines in his hands before realizing where he'd been hit.

The frill and the ability to spit venom could be easily explained as a side effect. As John Hammond's movie theater explained, the dinosaurs had their DNA combined with the DNA of frogs and there's a possibility that Dilophosaurus DNA was combined with the DNA of a frilled lizard and a spitting cobra, along with or without the DNA of a frog. Curiously, the sizes of Dilophosaurus and Velociraptor were swapped, with the film's Dilophosaurus closer in size to the real-life Velociraptor, while raptors were around the size of real dilophosaurs.

The Lost World: Jurassic Park
Dilophosaurus is also depicted on the screen saver and in the trailers of The Lost World, confirming its presence on Isla Sorna, but they were never seen in the actual film.

Jurassic Park inspired games
All of the games used the juvenile Dilophosaurus seen in the first film to depict adult Dilophosaurs.
 * Dilophosaurus appeared in the NES game Jurassic Park. It jumps from behind trees, objects, walls and spits poison.
 * Spitting Dilophosaurs are an enemy in the SNES game Jurassic Park. Their spit doesn't cause a lot of damage and they can be easily killed.
 * Spitters are an enemy in the game Jurassic Park Interactive.
 * Dilophosaurs are encountered in Area 1 and 4 in the arcade game Jurassic Park.
 * Spitters appear in Chaos Island: The Lost World. They are the only dinosaurs in the game with ranged attack.
 * Few Spitters are encountered in the Stage 1 of the arcade game The Lost World: Jurassic Park.
 * In the PC game Jurassic Park Dinosaur Battles Dilophosaurus is a opponent. It is a fast opponent, advanced Dilophosaurs have strong piercing attacks.
 * Dilophosaurus is an enemy in Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, in the level The Laboratory the player has to defeat a pack of Dilophosaurs in a boss fight.
 * The creature is nr. 008 of the Carnivore Twos that can be created in Jurassic Park III: Park Builder.
 * In Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor Dilophosaurus is one of the 12 encountered dinosaurs on Isla Sorna.
 * In the arcade game Jurassic Park III Dilophosaurus appears in Areas 1 and 4.
 * Dilophosaurus is featured in the DVD game Jurassic Park: Explorer. A player earns a dinosaur when he/she wins a minigame, when the earned dinosaur is a Dilophosaurus this video will be shown. The video shows that the animal is 7 meters (23 ft) long, as it was in reality, but it still has the neck frill.
 * They are heard in the background of the first Compy level in the PSX/Saturn The Lost World: Jurassic Park game.
 * Dilophosaurus is one of the available dinosaurs on the IOS application, Jurassic Park: Builder.
 * Dilophosaurus is a mod in Trespasser.Untitled20120929175344.png

Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis
Dilophosaurs appear Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis as a two-star small carnivore, the game's Dilophosaur shares all of the characteristics of the one in the movie, from the frill to the small stature. It can spit venom at prey but does not, however, spit venom at the visitors, despite the spaces between the bars on the fence. If not in the fence though, they then can hunt visitors, as well as cleaners, even though the cleaners will most likely never be killed by the dinosaurs, no matter how many times they've been hit by venom. This is most likely a game play error, or the cleaners are wearing venom proof clothing. The Dilophosaurus (the weakest of the small carnivores) will only attack and kill small herbivores such as Dryosaurus, Homalocephale, and Gallimimusand is unable to take down large or armoured small herbivores. They can be placed along with Velociraptor in one enclosure as long as they are not rampaging.

Jurassic Park: The Game
thumb|300px|right Dilophosaurs play a major role in Jurassic Park: The Game. The video on the Tour the Island website states that the Dilophosaurus seen in the game are juvenile, with an adult size expectancy of nearly 20 feet. However, in the InGen Field Journal of Laura Sorkin she notes that "Wu's amphibian DNA has profoundly changed our Dilophosaurs. They should grow to six meters long. None in our brood are that big.".

The Dilophosaurs first appear in the Nedry's Clearing scenario when Nima is investigating near Nedry's Jeep. A Dilophosaurus is feeding on Nedry but it runs away when Nima appears.

Nima and Miles Chadwick are attacked by a group of Dilo's in the following Dilo Encounter scenario. Miles is killed by the Dilo's but Nima manages to escape when a pack of Troodons come scareing the Dilophosaurus away.

Dilophosaurus appears in the title screen of Episode 2: The Cavalry.

In scenario Dilo Fight!, Billy Yoder is attacked by a Dilo and almost killed. Oscar Morales kicks the dinosaur off Billy. Just as Oscar is about to kill the dilo, Yoder stops him because he does not want to see it hurt.

All Dilos in nublar were presumably killed during the Napalm bombing.

Victims
Jurassic Park : Dennis Nedry

Jurassic Park: The Game : Miles Chadwick

Toy lines
Dilophosaurus appeared in almost every JP toy line except the Chaos Effect toy line even though Dilophosaurus did sort of appear as part of the Dilophospinus, and later was going to appear in the unreleased Chaos Effect Night Hunter toy line. ==Jurassic Park Toys==

Trivia

 * Dilophosaurus, along with Procompsognathus and Troodon, are the only known venomous dinosaurs in the Jurassic Park franchise.
 * The Dilophosaurus in Jurassic Park is possibly a juvenile. This may be reinforced by Nedry saying " T hought you might've been one of your big brothers." However, he may simply be talking about a different dinosaur species such as Tyrannosaurus. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed that it was juvenile in Jurassic Park: The Game.
 * The Dilophosaurus is the only dinosaur to appear in the movies that did not use CGI, only using animatronics.
 * Dilophosaurus may have roved in packs, since there was 3 fossils found together. This is later confirmed in Jurassic Park: The Game
 * The Dilophosaurus can also attack with their crests, seen in Jurassic Park: The Game.
 * If they survived the bombing and grew to adult size, along with the Herrerasaurus, they would be secondary consumers and competitors with the Velociraptors and Troodons.
 * It is stated in Jurassic Park: The Game that Dilophosaurus has an adult size expectancy of nearly 20 ft.
 * It is possible that only juvenile Dilophosaurus have the frill, since in the novel while it still posesses the venom, it is its accurate size without the frill. Because of their small size, they would be an easy target for larger predators, and they use the frill to intimidate their enemies. As they grow larger, they no longer need such self defense, as adult Dilophosaurs were very large and powerful animals that were quite capable of defending themselves.