Movies | Games | Toys | Cards | Books | Comics | Theme Parks |
- "The one...The one with the big red horn, the pompadour. Elvis!"
- —Roland Tembo(src)
Parasaurolophus is an extinct genus of hadrosaurid (sometimes referred to as the hadrosaurs or duck-billed dinosaurs) from approximately 76.5–73 million years ago (late Cretaceous). It is a herd animal feeding on the park’s rich vegetation. The most stunning feature of the Parasaurolophus is the crest on its head. Scientists were unsure of its function until today. Some believed it was a snorkel for when the animal was in the water, others felt that it was used in combat. We now know that it serves for display and for communication, allowing the animals to remain in contact over distance by amplifying their loud cries.[1]
Characteristics
The clones resembled the species Parasaurolophus walkeri, however, they are slightly shorter than the original animal, being 10 meters (33 feet) in length instead of 11.45 meters (37 feet).[2] Although the clones are capable of walking on all fours and two legs, they mostly stood upright, nearly dragging its tail, unlike the original.
They had three skin variations: beige,[3] greenish,[4] and beige green.[5] The ones seen in the Brachiosaurus Enclosure were also a greenish color with black stripes.[4] Their crests would vary in color as well, with some having black,[3] while others had dark gray crests.[5]
In Jurassic World, because of their close resemblance to the previously created clones, it is possible that those that lived in the park originated from the dinosaurs transported from Isla Sorna in 2004.[6] However, the images on Jurassic World's website depict them with a longer and more curved crest. On the website, its skin was a mixture of tan and brown with the crest and the upper part of the head and down the body being mint blue-green.
The juveniles, unlike the originals, had crests at an early age.[7]
Behavior
Parasaurolophus, a herbivorous dinosaur, exhibits a generally peaceful and non-threatening demeanor. They are often observed gathering in both small and large herds, typically found in expansive grasslands, forests, or near watering holes. These dinosaurs are primarily grazers, calmly foraging for vegetation. Parasaurolophus has also displayed a propensity for harmonious coexistence with other herbivorous species, such as Triceratops, Sinoceratops, sauropods like Brachiosaurus, and Apatosaurus.
In Jurassic World, observations of Parasaurolophus behavior reveal intriguing interactions between individuals, which can be interpreted as playful or mildly competitive. These interactions involve two dinosaurs standing upright on their hind legs, utilizing their forelimbs to engage in gentle chest-to-chest contact, characterized by soft tapping or nudging motions. This behavior appears to be a form of social interaction, potentially indicating a display of affection, playfulness, or even a mild assertion of dominance, but without any overt aggression. This observation suggests that Parasaurolophus may have engaged in complex social behaviors, challenging our understanding of their behavior and social dynamics.
In instances where a Parasaurolophus finds itself in solitude, it exhibits territorial conduct through actively attempting to ward off individuals of smaller stature, such as campers. Alternatively, this behavior might stem from the herbivore being startled by the sudden appearance of children, prompting an instinctual desire to intimidate and drive them away.
Dr. Turner’s research has revealed a remarkable example of collective care and altruism in Parasaurolophus behavior. Observations of a small herd demonstrated a notable display of communal protection and solicitude towards a vulnerable individual, which was either elderly, injured, or ailing, suggesting a high level of social cohesion and empathy within the group. Observation of the Parasaurolophus herd revealed a remarkable display of cooperative care and protective behavior towards an injured individual. The herd's vocalizations increased in intensity as they collectively covered the injured member with foliage, creating a sheltered environment conducive to recovery. They then guided the injured individual to a forested area with a clearing, providing access to resources and cover. The herd employed gentle nudging behavior, likely to encourage rest and facilitate healing. To further safeguard the injured individual, they gathered plant material to mask its scent, potentially deterring predators. When a predator, such as Baryonyx, approached, the herd exhibited aggressive defensive behavior, utilizing ramming and headbutting to protect the injured member. Additionally, they employed a diversionary tactic, fleeing to draw the predator away from the injured individual. The herd's goal was to maintain the injured member's protection under plant cover until full recovery, demonstrating a high level of social cohesion, empathy, and cooperative behavior.
History
Creation
Parasaurolophus was created by InGen[4] in their compound[5] on Isla Sorna where they spent their early lives being raised by the workers there.[3][5]
When the clones were a few months old they would be transported to the neighboring island Isla Nublar to live as an attraction for InGen's Jurassic Park. They lived in the Brachiosaurus Enclosure.[4]
Visitor Center Mural
Inside Jurassic Park's Visitor Center is a mural depicting Parasaurolophus. The depiction is somewhat different than the Parasaur clones that have been encountered. They display the two species Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus and Parasaurolophus walkeri. The P. walkeri are depicted as dark green with the front half of the crest being a dark red with its body bearing a single black stripe. The P. cyrtocristatus have a different color scheme being a lime color with the upper body being a dark green albeit split in the middle.
This mural is based on an old belief that P. walkeri and P. cyrtocristatus were not separate species but rather represented the male and female respectively of one single species. Seeing as how there is no evidence of P. cyrtocristatus (or at least clones that resembled this species) ever being created or encountered as well as the fact that the mural depicts Velociraptors as dark green that also has no evidence of ever being created or encountered like the previously mentioned Parasaurolophus species, it can be safely assumed that this is simply an artistic rendering rather than evidence that P. cyrtocristatus was recreated by InGen.
Jurassic Park Incident
The endorsement team saw a herd of Parasaurolophus at the Watering Hole of the Brachiosaurus Enclosure once they arrived on Isla Nublar.[4]
When Dennis Nedry disabled Jurassic Park's security systems, the Parasaurolophus in the Brachiosaurus Enclosure were able to roam freely.[4]
It is unknown what happened to the Parasaurolophus populations on Isla Nublar after the Jurassic Park incident.
However, according to information revealed by InGen reports, there were at least 9 surviving Parasaurolophus on the island over there in October 1994.[9]
Wild on Isla Sorna
When Hurricane Clarissa hit Isla Sorna, the InGen personnel evacuated the island with the Parasaurolophus that were under their care being freed by them. In the wild, they countered the Lysine contingency by eating Lysine rich plants.[3]
They had a wide range of territory on the island. In the east, they coexisted with Gallimimus, Pachycephalosaurus, and Mamenchisaurus.[3] In the west, they lived alongside with Ankylosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Stegosaurus, and Triceratops, later even forming mixed herds with the related hadrosaur Corythosaurus.[5] When Roland and Ajay entered the T-Rex nest a dead Parasaurolophus was spotted and was probably one of the big predatores earlier victims.
Isla Sorna Incident
The InGen Hunters captured a male Parasaurolophus[10] that their leader, Roland Tembo, named Elvis because its crest resembled a pompadour like Elvis Presley had. This individual would later be freed by Gatherers Nick Van Owen and Dr. Sarah Harding the following night it was captured by the hunters, though it is unknown if the Parasaurolophus survived.[3]
Infant
In 1999, InGen was in possession (or had created) an infant Parasaurolophus. When Simon Masrani went to oversee the genetics company a year after he had purchased it, he got to hold the young Parasaur.[11]
Rescue of Eric Kirby
The Tyrannosaurus bull was seen eating a dead Parasaurolophus.
When the search group for Eric Kirby was running from the Velociraptor pack who they encountered in the InGen Compound that Billy Brennan (one of their members) stole eggs from, they ran through a mixed herd of Parasaurolophus and Corythosaurus that was outside the InGen Compound.[5]
Later, Parasaurolophus was one of the many dinosaurs that Dr. Alan Grant and the Kirby family saw on a riverbank.[5]
Jurassic World
Parasaurolophus was one of the many dinosaurs that lived as an attraction for Masrani Global Corporation's Jurassic World. They lived in the Gyrosphere Valley, Cretaceous Cruise, Gentle Giants Petting Zoo,[7] and the Gallimimus Valley.[12]
During the Jurassic World incident, while Gray and Zach Mitchell and Claire Dearing were talking to each other, a Parasaurolophus hologram from the Holoscape in the Innovation Center was made.
A Parasaurolophus made brief appearances in the Cretaceous Cruise and the Gentle Giants Petting Zoo.
Gray and Zach saw several Parasaurolophus during their time in the Gyrosphere Valley. While Zach and Gray looked at the open gate for perimeter fence #5, two Parasaurolophus were seen fighting and honking at each other in the background.[7]
Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous
See: Parasaurolophus lux
In season 5, Dr. Turner observed the herd of Parasaurolophus who had never seen anything like it. As a result of this behavior, the herd of Parasaurolophus showed signs of protecting eldery members by finding small land around each other to hide from predators, such as Baryonyx.
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom
It has been revealed that there are surviving Parasaurolophus populations on Isla Nublar, but they and many other dinosaurs faced an impending danger in the form of an erupting volcano. The surrounding foothills of Mount Sibo were the favoured territory of Parasaurolophus, which was at the top of the critical exposure list.
One Parasaurolophus could be seen swimming in the ocean when Mount Sibo erupts. It attempted to climb onto a rock, but loses its grip and is hit by a falling rock, presumably killing it. Some Parasaurolophus were captured and taken to Lockwood Manor to be sold off in auction, but thanks to Claire and Maisie, they would eventually escape the estate along with the other dinosaurs.
Battle at Big Rock
Parasaurolophus makes a brief cameo in the short, drinking at a river while a group of fisherman canoe past it during the end credits.
Jurassic World: Chaos Theory
TBA
Jurassic World: Dominion
By 2022, the Department of Prehistoric Wildlife had confirmed sightings of Parasaurolophus in Penang Island, Malaysia, Panguitch Lake Resort, Utah, an individual being transported to a paleo-sanctuary in Arizona and had busted an illegal Parasaurolophus breeding operation in Finsbury Park, London, England.[13]
During the events of 2022, several of these hadrosaurs were captured and transferred to the Biosyn Sanctuary, where they can be studied. A herd of original and accurate Parasaurolophus were running threw the snowy field in Sierra Nevada, chased by Owen and his DFW guys riding on the horse, leading them to the sanctuary. One of them escape the herd, leading to Owen being on a course and eventually capture it, allowing Owen to touch its face and tell him that everything will be okay and that he will be fine. As Owen, Shep and Rosa herded the Parasaur, they are confronted by Rainn Delacourt, disguised as a DFW officer and showing a fake badge, and accused of illegal poaching. Owen eventually gave in after a gun confrontation and handed the dinosaur to Delacourt.[14]
A herd is later seen at the Department of Prehistoric Wildlife's relocation facility alongside a baby Nasutoceratops, a Stegosaurus and Rexy. Later at night, several Parasaurolophus were drinking in a river alongside Iguanodon and Triceratops only to be scared by some falling burning Giant Locusts caused by Lewis Dodgson. He soon evacuate the dinosaurs at its headquarters after the insects caused a forest fire. It is likely that the hadrosaur now live free in the wild or continue to thrive at the sanctuary which is now global. At the very end of the film, the Parasaurolophus and wild horses can be seen running alongside each other.
Gallery
Videos
Images
Promotional Images
Jurassic Park
The Lost World: Jurassic Park
Jurassic Park III
Jurassic World
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom
Battle at Big Rock
Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous
Jurassic World: Dominion
Gif
Vocalizations
Original
Dominion
Story
Parasaurolophus was one of the many dinosaurs created by InGen on Isla Sorna for Jurassic Park that later went wild. It is presumed that most of the clones history was the same as the first three films. One Parasaurolophus was known to have had green and blue scales and was apparently nocturnal.[15]
This same Parasaurolophus was startled by the arrival of Simon Tunney and his group on Isla Sorna.[16]
Behind the scenes
Parasaurolophus, despite appearing physically in the first three films, is absent from the scripts of the aforementioned films, or is at least not mentioned by name. In Jurassic Park, the Parasaurs appear to have filled the role of both Hadrosaurus and Maiasaura from the novel, most notably the former as both Hadrosaurus in the novel and Parasaurolophus in the film lived alongside a species of sauropod at a watering hole.
When creating the concept art for the Parasaurolophus featured in the first film, Mark "Crash" McCreery used a duck's bill as a reference when creating the hadrosaur's mouth and the eyes of a deer to make the dinosaur seem quiet and docile.[17] Two proposed colorations were made by "Crash" McCreery. One was a beige color with a dark gray crest and back with dark brown stripes on the thigh and the other's coloration had the whole head and neck as red, the torso being a darker tan with some of this tan being on its back instead of black like the first coloration and the stripes on its thigh being black as opposed to dark brown.[18] The final film's Parasaurs have greenish colored skin with a black back and seemingly lacks striping while its other details are unidentifiable due to the duckbill dinosaurs being difficult to see clearly. TyRuben Ellingson painted the digital maps used for the color of the Parasaurolophus as well as the Brachiosaurus in Jurassic Park.[19] At one point, sexual dimorphism was considered, with the species P. walkeri being the males and the females being the species P. cyrtocristatus. The mural of the dinning room featuring Parasaurolophus painted by Doug Henderson[20] still utilizes this scrapped idea.
Oddly, the section "Exploring Jurassic Park Part 2" of the Topps comic Jurassic Park II and the Jurassic Park Topps card for Parasaurolophus states that it was cut from Jurassic Park[21][17] even though a herd can be seen at the Watering Hole with Brachiosaurus.
An alternate opening to The Lost World: Jurassic Park was for a Japanese fishing boat to pull up a Parasaurolophus carcass in its net, to which the net breaks from the weight of the carcass and disappears into the waters below.[22] Paul Mejias supervised the construction of this sculpture[23] and even though this alternate opening scene never made the final cut, the eighteen-foot carcass was still used in the film in the scenes taking place in the Tyrannosaurus nest and the boneyard.[24] It was later repainted for Jurassic Park III[25] to represent the carcass that the T. rex was eating.[26]
In the script for The Lost World: Jurassic Park, instead of the Parasaurolophus Elvis, Dieter Stark captures a Corythosaurus[27][28] (misspelled "Carninthosaur" in the script).[29] Though this scene was cut from the final film, it is included in Mighty Chronicles adaptation of The Lost World Jurassic Park.[30] This early design choice is also referenced in the film itself with one of the Hunters carrying a factsheet of Corythosaurus[31] and Roland even misidentifies the Parasaur Elvis as a corythosaur, but is unable to pronouce it.[32]
Paul Mejias sculpted and painted a 1/7th scale model from one of McCreery's designs[33] that stood 17 inches tall.[34] Unlike the concept art, this painted maquette was a bright yellow. The head was also not completely red, with the crest being black and the only red found on its body being only on the back of its neck. Ultimately, the final sequence would feature the color of Parasaurolophus as having more of an earth tone and less red on the neck.[35] A further two maquettes were made to reflect the change to earth tones with one having less red on the back of the neck than the other, the one with less red on the neck being nearly identical to the color scheme seen in the finished film.[36] Another fully poseable maquette was created to serve as a reference for modeling the full sized carcass.[37]
The vocalizations of Parasaurolophus for The Lost World: Jurassic Park were created from cows calling through tubes.[38]
Originally, the stamped scene in Jurassic Park III was to feature solely Parasaurolophus with their model reused from The Lost World: Jurassic Park, but Corythosaurus was added to the stamped when director Joe Johnston and visual effects supervisor Jim Mitchell felt there needed to be more variety. The Corythosaurus was created from the Parasaurolophus model from The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[39] The Parasaurolophus from the film received a new color scheme.
The Parasaurolophus in Jurassic Park: The Game appears to have been based on several Parasaur designs that were never seen physically in the films. They have bright yellow skin much like one of the Parasaurolophus maquettes made for The Lost World: Jurassic Park and the front half of the crest is red just like the lone Parasaurolophus walkeri seen on one of the murals of the Jurassic Park Visitors' Centre.
Despite its appearances usually being little more than cameos, Parasaurolophus has physically appeared on-screen in all six films of the Jurassic Park franchise, a distinction shared with the more famous and iconic Tyrannosaurus, Triceratops, and Velociraptor.
Concept art
Notes and references
- ↑ Telltale Games (2011) Tour the Island site, Tour the Island#Parasaurolophus Paddock Parasaurolophus Paddock.
- ↑ Jurassic Park III Size Chart
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 The Lost World: Jurassic Park
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Jurassic Park
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Jurassic Park III
- ↑
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Jurassic World
- ↑ For those wondering where this image originates from, this image comes from the Blu-Ray of Jurassic Park, which has a clearer look at the Parasaur herd at the Watering Hole.
- ↑ InGen's Dinosaur Information guide leaked by DPG. It states that "[Parasaurolophus] appear to stay pretty close to other large herbivores for protection."
- ↑ https://mobile.twitter.com/DavidGKowalski/status/1318392489028497408
- ↑ NAMUMKIN KUCH BHI NAHI
- ↑ Jurassicworld.com - Gallimimus Valley Retrievd from http://www.jurassicworld.com/park-map/gallimimus-valley/
- ↑ Dinotracker.com
- ↑ Jurassic World: Dominion (Extended Version)
- ↑ Jurassic Park Adventures: Prey, p. 39
- ↑ Jurassic Park Adventures: Prey, p. 39-40
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Jurassic Park Topps trading cards #83 - Parasaurolophus
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 [1]
- ↑ Sosa, J.L. (2015, June 12) ‘I Was a Failed Gallimimus’: Jurassic Park Through The Eyes of One of Its Magic Creators. Retrieved http://filmschoolrejects.com/features/jurassic-park-tyruben-ellingson.php
- ↑ The Making of Jurassic Park, p. 115
- ↑ Jurassic Park II: "The Parasaurolophus was later removed from the story, while younger incarnations of Triceratops and Raptors were added."
- ↑ Jurassicworld.org - 'We're in the Hands of Engineers!' A Jurassic Party Experience... (July 1, 2015) Retrieved from http://www.jurassicworld.org/?id=332#comments
- ↑ Paul Mejias - Scrapbook. Retrieved from http://paulmejias.com/scrapbook/studio-shots-image-03.html
- ↑ The Making of The Lost World: Jurassic Park, p. 50
- ↑ FXWork.com - Jurassic Park III. Retrieved from http://fxwork.com/jurassic-park-iii.html
- ↑ This can be proven due to it having exposed ribs like the dead Parasaurolophus made for TLW and has a greenish skin color with a dark green splotch on its back like the repainted latter.
- ↑ The Lost World Film Script: Scene 42: Back in the Container Truck
- ↑ The Lost World Film Script: Scene 47
- ↑ The Lost World Film Script: Scene 36
- ↑ The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Mighty Chronicles), pp. 76-77
- ↑
- ↑ Netflix subtitles.
- ↑ paulmejias.com - The Lost World, Page 1. Retrieved from http://paulmejias.com/character-effects/lost-world-image-1.html
- ↑ paulmejias.com - The Lost World, Page 2. Retrieved from http://paulmejias.com/character-effects/lost-world-image-2.html
- ↑ paulmejias.com - The Lost World, Page 4. Retrieved from http://paulmejias.com/character-effects/lost-world-image-4.html
- ↑ Instagram@stanwinstonschool Tell us again why #CGI is SOOOOOO great.
- ↑ The Making of The Lost World: Jurassic Park by Don Shay and Jody Duncan, p. 25
- ↑ Return to Jurassic Park: Something Survived (...and came to San Deigo
- ↑ Deckel, Larry. (October 2001) Jurassic Park III: Bigger, Faster, Meaner. Cinefex, 87, p. 39.
|